2021/04/08
Detection and Correction Using Inertial Aiding
By Malek O. Karaim, Tashfeen B. Karamat, Aboelmagd Noureldin, Mohamed Tamazin, and Mohamed M. Atia
A team of university researchers has developed a technique combining GPS receivers with an inexpensive inertial measuring unit to detect and repair cycle slips with the potential to operate in real time.
INNOVATION INSIGHTS by Richard Langley
DRUM ROLL, PLEASE. The “Innovation” column and GPS World are celebrating a birthday. With this issue, we have started the 25th year of publication of the magazine and the column, which appeared in the very first issue and has been a regular feature ever since. Over the years, we have seen many developments in GPS positioning, navigation, and timing with a fair number documented in the pages of this column.
In January 1990, GPS and GLONASS receivers were still in their infancy. Or perhaps their toddler years. But significant advances in receiver design had already been made since the introduction around 1980 of the first commercially available GPS receiver, the STI-5010, built by Stanford Telecommunications, Inc. It was a dual-frequency, C/A- and P-code, slow-sequencing receiver. Cycling through four satellites took about five minutes, and the receiver unit alone required about 30 centimeters of rack space. By 1990, a number of manufacturers were offering single or dual frequency receivers for positioning, navigation, and timing applications. Already, the first handheld receiver was on the market, the Magellan NAV 1000. Its single sequencing channel could track four satellites. Receiver development has advanced significantly over the intervening 25 years with high-grade multiple frequency, multiple signal, multiple constellation GNSS receivers available from a number of manufacturers, which can record or stream measurements at data rates up to 100 Hz. Consumer-grade receivers have proliferated thanks, in part, to miniaturization of receiver chips and modules. With virtually every cell phone now equipped with GPS, there are over a billion GPS users worldwide. And the chips keep getting smaller. Complete receivers on a chip with an area of less than one centimeter squared are common place. Will the “GPS dot” be in our near future?
The algorithms and methods used to obtain GPS-based positions have evolved over the years, too. By 1990, we already had double-difference carrier-phase processing for precise positioning. But the technique was typically applied in post-processing of collected data. It is still often done that way today. But now, we also have the real-time kinematic (or RTK) technique to achieve similar positioning accuracies in real time and the non-differenced precise point positioning technique, which does not need base stations and which is also being developed for real-time operation. But in all this time, we have always had a “fly in the ointment” when using carrier-phase observations: cycle slips. These are discontinuities in the time series of carrier-phase measurements due to the receiver temporarily losing lock on the carrier of a GPS signal caused by signal blockage, for example. Unless cycle slips are repaired or otherwise dealt with, reduction in positioning accuracy ensues. Scientists and engineers have developed several ways of handling cycle slips not all of which are capable of working in real time. But now, a team of university researchers has developed a technique combining GPS receivers with an inexpensive inertial measuring unit to detect and repair cycle slips with the potential to operate in real time. They describe their system in this month’s column.
“Innovation” is a regular feature that discusses advances in GPS technology and its applications as well as the fundamentals of GPS positioning. The column is coordinated by Richard Langley of the Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick. He welcomes comments and topic ideas.
GPS carrier-phase measurements can be used to achieve very precise positioning solutions. Carrier-phase measurements are much more precise than pseudorange measurements, but they are ambiguous by an integer number of cycles. When these ambiguities are resolved, sub-centimeter levels of positioning can be achieved.
However, in real-time kinematic applications, GPS signals could be lost temporarily because of various disturbing factors such as blockage by trees, buildings, and bridges and by vehicle dynamics. Such signal loss causes a discontinuity of the integer number of cycles in the measured carrier phase, known as a cycle slip. Consequently, the integer counter is reinitialized, meaning that the integer ambiguities become unknown again. In this event, ambiguities need to be resolved once more to resume the precise positioning and navigation process. This is a computation-intensive and time-consuming task. Typically, it takes at least a few minutes to resolve the ambiguities.
The ambiguity resolution is even more challenging in real-time navigation due to receiver dynamics and the time-sensitive nature of the required kinematic solution. Therefore, it would save effort and time if we could detect and estimate the size of these cycle slips and correct the measurements accordingly instead of resorting to a new ambiguity resolution. In this article, we will briefly review the cause of cycle slips and present a procedure for detecting and correcting cycle slips using a tightly coupled GPS/inertial system, which could be used in real time. We will also discuss practical tests of the procedure.
Cycle Slips and Their Management
A cycle slip causes a jump in carrier-phase measurements when the receiver phase tracking loops experience a temporary loss of lock due to signal blockage or some other disturbing factor. On the other hand, pseudoranges remain unaffected. This is graphically depicted in FIGURE 1. When a cycle slip happens, the Doppler (cycle) counter in the receiver restarts, causing a jump in the instantaneous accumulated phase by an integer number of cycles. Thus, the integer counter is reinitialized, meaning that ambiguities are unknown again, producing a sudden change in the carrier-phase observations.
FIGURE 1. A cycle slip affecting phase measurements but not the pseudoranges.
Once a cycle slip is detected, it can be handled in two ways. One way is to repair the slip. The other way is to reinitialize the unknown ambiguity parameter in the phase measurements. The former technique requires an exact estimation of the size of the slip but could be done instantaneously. The latter solution is more secure, but it is time-consuming and computationally intensive. In our work, we follow the first approach, providing a real-time cycle-slip detection and correction algorithm based on a GPS/inertial integration scheme.
GPS/INS Integration
An inertial navigation system (INS) can provide a smoother and more continuous navigation solution at higher data rates than a GPS-only system, since it is autonomous and immune to the kinds of interference that can deteriorate GPS positioning quality. However, INS errors grow with time due to the inherent mathematical double integration in the mechanization process. Thus, both GPS and INS systems exhibit mutually complementary characteristics, and their integration provides a more accurate and robust navigation solution than either stand-alone system. GPS/INS integration is often implemented using a filtering technique. A Kalman filter is typically selected for its estimation optimality and time-recursion properties.
The two major approaches of GPS/INS integration are loosely coupled and tightly coupled. The former strategy is simpler and easier to implement because the inertial and GPS navigation solutions are generated independently before being weighted together by the Kalman filter. There are two main drawbacks with this approach: 1) signals from at least four satellites are needed for a navigation solution, which cannot always be guaranteed; and 2) the outputs of the GPS Kalman filter are time correlated, which has a negative impact upon the system performance. The latter strategy performs the INS/GPS integration in a single centralized Kalman filter. This architecture eliminates the problem of correlated measurements, which arises due to the cascaded Kalman filtering in the loosely coupled approach. Moreover, the restriction of visibility of at least four satellites is removed. We specifically use a tightly coupled GPS/reduced inertial sensor system approach.
Reduced Inertial Sensor System. Recently, microelectromechanical system or MEMS-grade inertial sensors have been introduced for low-cost navigation applications. However, these inexpensive sensors have complex error characteristics.
Therefore, current research is directed towards the utilization of fewer numbers of inertial sensors inside the inertial measurement unit (IMU) to obtain the navigation solution.
The advantage of this trend is twofold. The first is avoidance of the effect of inertial sensor errors. The second is reduction of the cost of the IMU in general. One such minimization approach, and the one used in our work, is known as the reduced inertial sensor system (RISS). The RISS configuration uses one gyroscope, two accelerometers, and a vehicle wheel-rotation sensor. The gyroscope is used to observe the changes in the vehicle’s orientation in the horizontal plane. The two accelerometers are used to obtain the pitch and roll angles. The wheel-rotation sensor readings provide the vehicle’s speed in the forward direction. FIGURE 2 shows a general view of the RISS configuration.
FIGURE 2. A general view of the RISS configuration.
A block diagram of the tightly coupled GPS/RISS used in our work is shown in FIGURE 3. At this stage, the system uses GPS pseudoranges together with the RISS observables to compute an integrated navigation solution. In this three-dimensional (3D) version of RISS, the system has a total of nine states. These states are the latitude, longitude, and altitude errors ( ; the east, north, and up velocity errors ; the azimuth error ; the error associated with odometer-driven acceleration ; and the gyroscope error .
The nine-state error vector xk at time tk is expressed as:
(1)
FIGURE 3. Tightly coupled integration of GPS/RISS using differential pseudorange measurements.
Cycle Slip Detection and Correction
Cycle slip handling usually happens in two discrete steps: detection and fixing or correction. In the first step, using some testing quantity, the location (or time) of the slip is found. During the second step, the size of the slip is determined, which is needed along with its location to fix the cycle slip. Various techniques have been introduced by researchers to address the problem of cycle-slip detection and correction. Different measurements and their combinations are used including carrier phase minus code (using L1 or L2 measurements), carrier phase on L1 minus carrier phase on L2, Doppler (on L1 or L2), and time-differenced phases (using L1 or L2). In GPS/INS integration systems, the INS is used to predict the required variable to test for a cycle slip, which is usually the true receiver-to-satellite range in double-difference (DD) mode, differencing measurements between a reference receiver and the roving receiver and between satellites. In this article, we introduce a tightly coupled GPS/RISS approach for cycle-slip detection and correction, principally for land vehicle navigation using a relative-positioning technique.
Principle of the Algorithm. The proposed algorithm compares DD L1 carrier-phase measurements with estimated values derived from the output of the GPS/RISS system. In the case of a cycle slip, the measurements are corrected with the calculated difference. A general overview of the system is given in FIGURE 4.
FIGURE 4. The general flow diagram of the proposed algorithm.
The number of slipped cycles is given by
(2)
where
is the DD carrier-phase measurement (in cycles)
is DD estimated carrier phase value (in cycles).
is compared to a pre-defined threshold μ . If the threshold is exceeded, it indicates that there is a cycle slip in the DD carrier-phase measurements.
Theoretically, would be an integer but because of the errors in the measured carrier phase as well as errors in the estimations coming from the INS system, will be a real or floating-point number.
The estimated carrier-phase term in Equation (2) is obtained as follows:
(3)
where
λ is the wavelength of the signal carrier (in meters)
are the estimated ranges from the rover to satellites i and j respectively (in meters)
are known ranges from the base to satellites i and j respectively (in meters).
What we need to get from the integrated GPS/RISS system is the estimated range vector from the receiver to each available satellite ( ). Knowing our best position estimate, we can calculate ranges from the receiver to all available satellites through:
(4)
where
is the calculated range from the receiver to the mth satellite
xKF is the receiver position obtained from GPS/RISS Kalman filter solution
xm is the position of the mth satellite
M is the number of available satellites.
Then, the estimated DD carrier-phase term in Equation (3) can be calculated and the following test quantity in Equation (2) can be applied:
(5)
If a cycle slip occurred in the ith DD carrier-phase set, the corresponding set is instantly corrected for that slip by:
(6)
where s is the DD carrier-phase-set number in which the cycle slip has occurred.
Experimental Work
The performance of the proposed algorithm was examined on the data collected from several real land-vehicle trajectories. A high-end tactical grade IMU was integrated with a survey-grade GPS receiver to provide the reference solution. This IMU uses three ring-laser gyroscopes and three accelerometers mounted orthogonally to measure angular rate and linear acceleration. The GPS receiver and the IMU were integrated in a commercial package. For the GPS/RISS solution, the same GPS receiver and a MEMS-grade IMU were used. This IMU is a six-degree of freedom inertial system, but data from only the vertical gyroscope, the forward accelerometer, and the transversal accelerometer was used. TABLE 1 gives the main characteristics of both IMUs. The odometer data was collected using a commercial data logger through an On-Board Diagnostics version II (OBD-II) interface. Another GPS receiver of the same type was used for the base station measurements. The GPS data was logged at 1 Hz.
Table 1. Characteristics of the MEMS and tactical grade IMUs.
Several road trajectories were driven using the above-described configuration. We have selected one of the trajectories, which covers several real-life scenarios encountered in a typical road journey, to show the performance of the proposed algorithm. The test was carried out in the city of Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The starting and end point of the trajectory was near a well-surveyed point at Fort Henry National Historic Site where the base station receiver was located. The length of the trajectory was about 30 minutes, and the total distance traveled was about 33 kilometers with a maximum baseline length of about 15 kilometers. The trajectory incorporated a portion of Highway 401 with a maximum speed limit of 100 kilometers per hour and suburban areas with a maximum speed limit of 80 kilometers per hour. It also included different scenarios including sharp turns, high speeds, and slopes.
FIGURE 5 shows measured carrier phases at the rover for the different satellites. Some satellites show very poor presence whereas some others are consistently available. Satellites elevation angles can be seen in FIGURE 6.
FIGURE 5. Measured carrier phase at the rover.
FIGURE 6. Satellite elevation angles.
Results
We start by showing some results of carrier-phase estimation errors. Processing is done on what is considered to be a cycle-slip-free portion of the data set for some persistent satellites (usually with moderate to high elevation angles). Then we show results for the cycle-slip-detection process by artificially introducing cycle slips in different scenarios. In the ensuing discussion (including tables and figures), we show results indicating satellite numbers without any mention of reference satellites, which should be implicit as we are dealing with DD data.
FIGURE 7 shows DD carrier-phase estimation errors whereas FIGURE 8 shows DD measured carrier phases versus DD estimated carrier phases for sample satellite PRN 22.
FIGURE 7. DD-carrier-phase estimation error, reference satellite with PRN 22.
FIGURE 8. Measured versus estimated DD carrier phase, reference satellite with PRN 22.
As can be seen in TABLE 2, the root-mean-square (RMS) error varies from 0.93 to 3.58 cycles with standard deviations from 0.85 to 2.47 cycles. Estimated phases are approximately identical to the measured ones. Nevertheless, most of the DD carrier-phase estimates have bias and general drift trends, which need some elaboration. In fact, the bias error can be the result of more than one cause. The low-cost inertial sensors always have bias in their characteristics, which plays a major role in this. The drift is further affecting relatively lower elevation angle satellites which can also be attributed to more than one reason. Indeed, one reason for choosing this specific trajectory, which was conducted in 2011, was to test the algorithm with severe ionospheric conditions as the year 2011 was close to a solar maximum: a period of peak solar activity in the approximately 11-year sunspot cycle.
Table 2. Estimation error for DD carrier phases (in cycles).
Moreover, the time of the test was in the afternoon, which has the maximum ionospheric effects during the day. Thus, most part of the drift trend must be coming from ionospheric effects as the rover is moving away from the base receiver during this portion of the trajectory. Furthermore, satellite geometry could contribute to this error component. Most of the sudden jumps coincide with, or follow, sharp vehicle turns and rapid tilts. Table 2 shows the averaged RMS and standard deviation (std) DD carrier-phase estimation error for the sample satellite-pairs. We introduced cycle slips at different rates or intensities and different sizes to simulate real-life scenarios. Fortunately, cycle slips are usually big as mentioned earlier and this was corroborated by our observations from real trajectory data. Therefore, it is more important to detect and correct for bigger slips in general.
Introducing and Detecting Cycle Slips. To test the robustness of the algorithm, we started with an adequate cycle slip size. Cycle slips of size 10–1000 cycles were introduced with different intensities. These intensities are categorized as few (1 slip per 100 epochs), moderate (10 slips per 100 epochs), and severe (100 slips per 100 epochs). This was applied for all DD carrier-phase measurement sets simultaneously. The threshold was set to 1.9267 (average of RMS error for all satellite-pairs) cycles. Four metrics were used to describe the results. Mean square error (MSE); accuracy, the detected cycle slip size with respect to the introduced size; True detection (TD) ratio; and Mis-detection (MD) ratio. Due to space constraints and the similarity between results for different satellites, we only show results for the reference satellite with PRN 22. FIGURES 9–12 show introduced versus calculated cycle slips along with the corresponding detection error for sample satellites in the different scenarios. TABLES 3–5 summarize these results.
FIGURE 9. Introduced and calculated cycle slips (upper plot) and detection error (lower plot). Few cycle slips case, reference satellite with PRN 22.
FIGURE 10. Introduced and calculated cycle slips (upper plot) and detection error (lower plot). Moderate cycle slips case, reference satellite with PRN 22.
FIGURE 11. Introduced and calculated cycle slips (upper plot) and detection error (lower plot). Intensive cycle slips case, reference satellite with PRN 22.
FIGURE 12. Introduced and calculated cycle slips (upper plot) and detection error (lower plot). Small cycle slips case, reference satellite with PRN 22.
Table 3. Few slips (1 slip per 100 epochs).
Table 4. Moderate slips (10 slips per 100 epochs).
Table 5. Intensive slips (100 slips per 100 epochs).
All introduced cycle slips were successfully detected in all of the few, moderate, and severe cases with very high accuracy. A slight change in the accuracy (increasing with higher intensity) among the different scenarios shows that detection accuracy is not affected by cycle-slip intensity. Higher mis-detection ratios for smaller cycle-slip intensity comes from bigger error margins than the threshold for several satellite pairs. However, this is not affecting the overall accuracy strongly as all mis-detected slips are of comparably very small sizes. MD ratio is zero in the intensive cycle-slip case as all epochs contain slips is an indicator of performance compromise with slip intensity.
It is less likely to have very small cycle slips (such as 1 to 2 cycles) in the data and usually it will be hidden with the higher noise levels in kinematic navigation with low-cost equipment. However, we wanted to show the accuracy of detection in this case. We chose the moderate cycle slip intensity for this test. TABLE 6 summarizes results for all satellites.
Table 6. Small slips (1–2 cycles) at moderate intensity (10 slips per 100 epochs).
We get a moderate detection ratio and modest accuracy as the slips are of sizes close to the threshold. The MSE values are not far away from the case of big cycle slips but with higher mis-detection ratio.
Conclusions
The performance of the proposed algorithm was examined on several real-life land vehicle trajectories, which included various driving scenarios including high and slow speeds, sudden accelerations, sharp turns and steep slopes. The road testing was designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in different scenarios such as intensive and variable-sized cycle slips.
Results of testing the proposed method showed competitive detection rates and accuracies comparable to existing algorithms that use full MEMS IMUs. Thus with a lower cost GPS/RISS integrated system, we were able to obtain a reliable phase-measurement-based navigation solution. Although the testing discussed in this article involved post-processing of the actual collected data at the reference station and the rover, the procedure has been designed to work in real time where the measurements made at the reference station are transmitted to the rover via a radio link. This research has a direct influence on navigation in real-time applications where frequent cycle slips occur and resolving integer ambiguities is not affordable because of time and computational reasons and where system cost is an important factor.
Acknowledgments
This article is based on the paper “Real-time Cycle-slip Detection and Correction for Land Vehicle Navigation using Inertial Aiding” presented at ION GNSS+ 2013, the 26th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation held in Nashville, Tennessee, September 16–20, 2013.
Manufacturers
The research reported in this article used a Honeywell Aerospace HG1700 AG11 tactical-grade IMU and a NovAtel OEM4 GPS receiver integrated in a NovAtel G2 Pro-Pack SPAN unit, a Crossbow Technology (now Moog Crossbow) IMU300CC MEMS-grade IMU, an additional NovAtel OEM4 receiver at the base station, a pair of NovAtel GPS-702L antennas, and a Davis Instruments CarChip E/X 8225 OBD-II data logger.
Malek Karaim is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Tashfeen Karamat is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Queen’s University.
Aboelmagd Noureldin is a cross-appointment professor in the Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering at both Queen’s University and the Royal Military College (RMC) of Canada, also in Kingston.
Mohamed Tamazin is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Queen’s University and a member of the Queen’s/RMC NavINST Laboratory.
Mohamed M. Atia is a research associate and deputy director of the Queen’s/RMC NavINST Laboratory.
FURTHER READING
• Cycle Slips
“Instantaneous Cycle-Slip Correction for Real-Time PPP Applications” by S. Banville and R.B. Langley in Navigation, Vol. 57, No. 4, Winter 2010–2011, pp. 325–334.
“GPS Cycle Slip Detection and Correction Based on High Order Difference and Lagrange Interpolation” by H. Hu and L. Fang in Proceedings of PEITS 2009, the 2nd International Conference on Power Electronics and Intelligent Transportation System, Shenzhen, China, December 19–20, 2009, Vol. 1, pp. 384–387, doi: 10.1109/PEITS.2009.5406991.
“Cycle Slip Detection and Fixing by MEMS-IMU/GPS Integration for Mobile Environment RTK-GPS” by T. Takasu and A. Yasuda in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2008, the 21st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Savannah, Georgia, September 16–19, 2008, pp. 64–71.
“Instantaneous Real-time Cycle-slip Correction of Dual-frequency GPS Data” by D. Kim and R. Langley in Proceedings of KIS 2001, the International Symposium on Kinematic Systems in Geodesy, Geomatics and Navigation, Banff, Alberta, June 5–8, 2001, pp. 255–264.
“Carrier-Phase Cycle Slips: A New Approach to an Old Problem” by S.B. Bisnath, D. Kim, and R.B. Langley in GPS World, Vol. 12, No. 5, May 2001, pp. 46-51.
“Cycle-Slip Detection and Repair in Integrated Navigation Systems” by A. Lipp and X. Gu in Proceedings of PLANS 1994, the IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium, Las Vegas, Nevada, April 11–15, 1994, pp. 681–688, doi: 10.1109/PLANS.1994.303377.
Short-Arc Orbit Improvement for GPS Satellites by D. Parrot, M.Sc.E. thesis, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Technical Report No. 143, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, June 1989.
• Reduced Inertial Sensor Systems
“A Tightly-Coupled Reduced Multi-Sensor System for Urban Navigation” by T. Karamat, J. Georgy, U. Iqbal, and N. Aboelmagd in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2009, the 22nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Savannah, Georgia, September 22–25, 2009, pp. 582–592.
“An Integrated Reduced Inertial Sensor System – RISS / GPS for Land Vehicle” by U. Iqbal, A. Okou, and N. Aboelmagd in Proceedings of PLANS 2008, the IEEE/ION Position Location and Navigation Symposium, Monterey, California, May 5–8, 2008, pp. 1014–1021, doi: 10.1109/PLANS.2008.4570075.
• Integrating GPS and Inertial Systems
Fundamentals of Inertial Navigation, Satellite-based Positioning and their Integration by N. Aboelmagd, T. B. Karmat, and J. Georgy. Published by Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, 2013.
Aided Navigation: GPS with High Rate Sensors by J. A. Farrell. Published by McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, 2008.
Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration, 2nd edition, by M.S. Grewal, L.R. Weill, and A.P. Andrews. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2007.
item: Cell phone signal jammer amazon | cell phone signal jammer online
4.2
11 votes
cell phone signal jammer amazon
Whether voice or data communication,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip,5% – 80%dual-band output 900.it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current,for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand.this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,overload protection of transformer,whether in town or in a rural environment.the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn,the duplication of a remote control requires more effort.the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,its total output power is 400 w rms,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link,a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals,three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault.
Our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,40 w for each single frequency band,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings,pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,wireless mobile battery charger circuit,8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers,its called denial-of-service attack,this is as well possible for further individual frequencies,one is the light intensity of the room.jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around,religious establishments like churches and mosques,the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular and portable phones in a non-destructive way,but with the highest possible output power related to the small dimensions,bomb threats or when military action is underway.
Frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code),this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology.according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.all these functions are selected and executed via the display,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,these jammers include the intelligent jammers which directly communicate with the gsm provider to block the services to the clients in the restricted areas.an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request.it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault.90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation.when shall jamming take place.the multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board,– transmitting/receiving antenna,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,there are many methods to do this,my mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars,a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances.
The completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power.2100-2200 mhztx output power,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,320 x 680 x 320 mmbroadband jamming system 10 mhz to 1,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals.this system considers two factors.cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses,the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system.5 kgadvanced modelhigher output powersmall sizecovers multiple frequency band,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise.conversion of single phase to three phase supply,when the mobile jammers are turned off,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor.using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,it employs a closed-loop control technique,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,ac power control using mosfet / igbt,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object.
Can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0,blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,the present circuit employs a 555 timer.some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate,2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz.its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area.the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency,the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful,band selection and low battery warning led,the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,frequency band with 40 watts max.go through the paper for more information.< 500 maworking temperature.all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices.
It consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked,over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities.placed in front of the jammer for better exposure to noise.9 v block battery or external adapter,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message,this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year.although industrial noise is random and unpredictable,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented.there are many methods to do this.5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly.clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible,automatic changeover switch.vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage.prison camps or any other governmental areas like ministries.this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply.transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer.
This paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range,dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals,if you are looking for mini project ideas.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs.this is done using igbt/mosfet,thus any destruction in the broadcast control channel will render the mobile station communication,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms,hand-held transmitters with a „rolling code“ can not be copied,radio remote controls (remote detonation devices).the complete system is integrated in a standard briefcase.this allows a much wider jamming range inside government buildings.the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access.three circuits were shown here,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.this can also be used to indicate the fire.
Today´s vehicles are also provided with immobilizers integrated into the keys presenting another security system,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals,the jamming frequency to be selected as well as the type of jamming is controlled in a fully automated way.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg,several possibilities are available,solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller.presence of buildings and landscape,110 to 240 vac / 5 amppower consumption.frequency scan with automatic jamming.1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications.where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,automatic changeover switch.starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1.we are providing this list of projects,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity.a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys.
Brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system,with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency.the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone.1900 kg)permissible operating temperature.dtmf controlled home automation system.the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily.thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably..
