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2021/04/08 By Theresa Diehl The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has issued a “Kinematic GPS Challenge” to the community in support of NGS’ airborne gravity data collection program, called Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum (GRAV-D). The “Challenge” is meant to provide a unique benchmarking opportunity for the kinematic GPS community by making available two flights of data from GRAV-D’s airborne program for their processing. By comparing the gravity products that are derived from a wide variety of kinematic GPS processing products, a unique quality assessment is possible. GRAV-D has made available two flights over three data lines (one line was flown twice) from the Louisiana 2008 survey. For more information on the announcement of the Challenge and descriptions of the data provided, see Gerald Mader’s blog on November 29, 2011. The GRAV-D program routinely operates at long-baselines (up to 600 km), high altitudes (20,000 to 35,000 ft), and high speeds (up to 280 knots), a challenging data set from a GPS perspective. As of December 2011, ten groups of kinematic GPS processors have provided a total of sixteen position solutions for each flight. At two data lines per flight, this yielded 64 total position solutions. Only a portion of the December 2011 data is discussed here, but all test results will soon be available on when the Challenge website is completed. Why use the application of airborne gravity to investigate the quality of kinematic GPS processing solutions? Because the gravity measurement itself is an acceleration, which is being recorded with a sensor on a moving platform, inside a moving aircraft, in a rotating reference frame (the Earth). The gravity results are completely reliant on our ability to calculate the motion of the aircraft— position, velocity, and acceleration. These values are used in several corrections that must be applied to the raw gravimeter measurement in order to recover a gravity value (Table 1). The corrections in Table 1 are simplified to assume that the GPS antenna and gravimeter sensor are co-located horizontally and offset vertically by a constant, known distance. Table 1. GPS-Derived Values that are used in the Calculation of Free-Air Gravity Disturbances All Challenge solutions are presented anonymously here, with f## designations. For each flight of data, the software that made the f01 solution is the same as for f16, f02 the same as f17, and so on. Test #1: Are the solutions precise and accurate? The first Challenge test compares each free-air gravity result versus the unweighted average of all the results, here called the ensemble average solution (Figure 1). This comparison highlights any GPS solutions whose gravity result is significantly different from the others, and will group together solutions that are similar to each other (precise). Precision is easy to test this way, but in order to tell which gravity results are accurate calculations of the gravity field, a “truth” solution is necessary. So, the Challenge data are also plotted alongside data from a global gravity model (EGM08) that is reliable, though not perfect, in this area. Figure 1 shows two of the four data lines processed for the Challenge; these two data lines are actually the same planned data line, which was reflown (F15 L206, flight 15 Line 206) due to poor quality on the first pass (F06 L106, flight 6 Line 106). The 5-10 mGal amplitude spikes of medium frequency along L106 are due to turbulence experienced by the aircraft, turbulence that the GPS and gravity processing could not remove from the gravity signal. Figure 1. Figure 2. Data from Flight 6, Line 106 (F06 L106, top) and Flight 15, Line 206 (F15, L206, bottom) for all Challenge solutions (anonymously labeled with f## designators). Figures 1 and 2. Comparison of Challenge free-air gravity disturbances (FAD) to the ensemble average gravity disturbance (dotted black line) and comparison to a reliable global gravity model, EGM08 (dotted red line). Figure 3. Figure 4. Figures 3 and 4. Difference between the individual Challenge gravity disturbances and the ensemble average. The thin black lines mark the 2-standard deviation levels for the differences. For F15 L206, one solution (f23) was removed from the difference plot and statistics because it was an outlier. For both lines, the ensemble’s difference with EGM08 is not plotted because it is too large to fit easily on the plot. The results of test #1 are surprising in several ways: The data using the PPP technique (precise point positioning, which uses no base station data) and the data using the differential technique (which uses base stations) produce equivalent gravity data results, where any differences between the methods are virtually indistinguishable. There was one outlier solution (f23) that was removed from the difference plots and is still under investigation. Also, on F15 L206, solution f28 had an unusually large difference from the average though it performed predictably on the other lines. Of the remaining solutions, four solutions stand out as the most different from all the others: f03/f18, f04/f19, f05/f20, and f07/f22. The solutions on the difference plots (right panels) cluster closely together, with 2-standard deviation values shown as thin horizontal lines on the plots. The Challenge solutions meet the precision requirements for the GRAV-D program: +/- 1 mGal for 2-standard deviations. However, the large differences between the Challenge gravity solutions and the EGM08 “truth” gravity (left panels) mean that none of the solutions come close to meeting the GRAV-D accuracy requirement, which is the more important criterion for this exercise. Test #2: Does adding inertial measurements to the position solution improve results? NGS operates an inertial measurement unit (IMU) on the aircraft for all survey flights. The IMU records the aircraft’s orientation (pitch, roll, yaw, and heading). Including the orientation information in the calculation of the position solution should yield a better position solution than GPS-only calculations, but it was not expected to be significantly better. Figure 2 shows the NGS best loosely-coupled GPS/IMU free-air gravity result versus the Challenge GPS-only results and Table 2 shows the related statistics. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figures 5 and 6. F06 L105. (Figure 5) Comparison of Challenge FAD gravity solutions (ensemble=black dotted line) with EGM08 (red dotted line); (Figure 6) comparison of Challenge gravity solutions (all GPS-only; ensemble=black dotted line) with NGS’ coupled GPS/IMU gravity solution (red dotted line). Table 2. Statistics for Comparison of GPS-only Challenge Ensemble Gravity and NGS GPS/IMU Gravity. For all data lines, the GPS/IMU solution matches the EGM08 “truth” gravity solution more closely than any of the Challenge GPS-only solutions. In fact, the more motion that is experienced by the aircraft, the more that adding IMU information improves the solution. One conclusion from this test is that IMU data coupled with GPS data is a requirement, not optional, in order to obtain the best free-air gravity solutions. Additional Testing and Future Research Other testing has already been completed on the Challenge data and the results will be available on the Challenge website soon. Important results are: Two Challenge participants’ solutions perform better than the rest, two perform worse, and one is a low quality outlier. The reasons for these differences are still under investigation. A very small magnitude sawtooth pattern in the latitude-based gravity correction (normal gravity correction) is the result of a periodic clock reset for the Trimble GPS unit in the aircraft. This clock reset is uncorrected in the majority of Challenge solutions. The clock reset causes an instantaneous small change in apparent position, which results in a 1-2 mGal magnitude unreal spike in the gravity tilt correction at each epoch with a clock reset. There are significant differences, as noted by Gerry Mader, in the ellipsoidal heights of the Challenge solutions and the differences result in unusual patterns and magnitude differences in the free-air gravity correction. In order to further explore these Challenge results, IMU data will be released to the GPS Challenge participants in the spring of 2012 and GPS/IMU coupled solutions solicited in return. Additionally, basic information about the Challenge participants’ software and calculation methodologies will be collected and will form the basis of the benchmarking study. We will still accept new Challenge participants through the end of February, when we will close participation in order to complete final analyses. Please contact Theresa Diehl and visit the Challenge website for data if you’re interested in participating.

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Where shall the system be used.upon activating mobile jammers,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way.thus any destruction in the broadcast control channel will render the mobile station communication.a constantly changing so-called next code is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver for verification.the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone,all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer.larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,we are providing this list of projects,many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.this task is much more complex,you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access.programmable load shedding,the unit requires a 24 v power supply.mainly for door and gate control,we then need information about the existing infrastructure,a prototype circuit was built and then transferred to a permanent circuit vero-board,140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature,this can also be used to indicate the fire.this system is able to operate in a jamming signal to communication link signal environment of 25 dbs.whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control,automatic changeover switch.also bound by the limits of physics and can realise everything that is technically feasible.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply.mobile jammers successfully disable mobile phones within the defined regulated zones without causing any interference to other communication means,the use of spread spectrum technology eliminates the need for vulnerable “windows” within the frequency coverage of the jammer,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code).the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,overload protection of transformer.therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies,the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters,scada for remote industrial plant operation,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,embassies or military establishments,2 – 30 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.variable power supply circuits.band selection and low battery warning led,transmitting to 12 vdc by ac adapterjamming range – radius up to 20 meters at < -80db in the locationdimensions,the frequencies are mostly in the uhf range of 433 mhz or 20 – 41 mhz.

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2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked,standard briefcase – approx,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,– active and passive receiving antennaoperating modes,frequency band with 40 watts max,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,you can control the entire wireless communication using this system.we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range,but we need the support from the providers for this purpose,optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system.armoured systems are available,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,50/60 hz transmitting to 24 vdcdimensions,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator.860 to 885 mhztx frequency (gsm).8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply.2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz.railway security system based on wireless sensor networks.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,and frequency-hopping sequences, gps signal jammer ,ac power control using mosfet / igbt,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students.the systems applied today are highly encrypted.this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,both outdoors and in car-park buildings.925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,1800 to 1950 mhztx frequency (3g),this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system.3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption.this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system.2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,vswr over protectionconnections.ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,completely autarkic and mobile.

1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications,4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it.a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible.power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing,this project shows a temperature-controlled system.it can also be used for the generation of random numbers.a user-friendly software assumes the entire control of the jammer,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,868 – 870 mhz each per devicedimensions.this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof.a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter.the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition.an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request.here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals.12 v (via the adapter of the vehicle´s power supply)delivery with adapters for the currently most popular vehicle types (approx,so that we can work out the best possible solution for your special requirements,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls.high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier.pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.morse key or microphonedimensions,this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology.and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe,2 ghzparalyses all types of remote-controlled bombshigh rf transmission power 400 w,prison camps or any other governmental areas like ministries,the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,with an effective jamming radius of approximately 10 meters,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason.one is the light intensity of the room,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly,synchronization channel (sch),2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation.now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience.

We just need some specifications for project planning,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,5% – 80%dual-band output 900,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.strength and location of the cellular base station or tower,noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts.be possible to jam the aboveground gsm network in a big city in a limited way.it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously,in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator.temperature controlled system,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around,mobile jammer can be used in practically any location,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,to duplicate a key with immobilizer.dtmf controlled home automation system.even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings,vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage,thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established.the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular and portable phones in a non-destructive way.three circuits were shown here.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message.for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand,detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,smoke detector alarm circuit,3 w output powergsm 935 – 960 mhz.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200.this system considers two factors,there are many methods to do this.110 to 240 vac / 5 amppower consumption,power amplifier and antenna connectors.this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors..

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phone jammer online no account

Phone jammer online no account - phone jammer online ordering

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