2021/04/10
Partnership Council Affords Insight, Drama
By Alan Cameron
This year’s GPS Partnership Council provided among other highlights a discussion of the tensions between commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) receiver systems used in tactical combat operations versus official military GPS user equipment (MGUE), and an enthralling warfighters’ panel that revealed much of those COTS/MGUE dilemmas. The event, held May 1–2 in El Segundo, California, drew an enthusiastic and involved audience, including many GPS veterans. I was struck by the graying of the clan as well as the practiced and confident presentations of current civilian and military program staffs.
Keynote speaker Brig. Gen. Martin Whelan, Director of Requirements, Headquarters Air Force Space Command, emphasized that ideas for improvement of the system would be hard sells under current budget realities, but good ideas for lower cost would be welcome. Referring to the three segments — space, ground, and user — he recommended that the segments should talk with each other and challenge requirements. In effect, he implied that the separate segments could reduce overall costs, rationalize requirements, and cooperate better in optimizing the resilience and flexibility of the system, including — this is my interpretation — taking advantage of the “competitive” GNSSs to effect user satisfaction.
According to Whelan, resiliency of the space segment is a top priority; smaller satellites, hosted payloads, and net-centric designs were highlighted. He commented that multiple GNSSs should be employed in such a way that the user does not know the difference.
Regarding the upcoming budget, he told us that Department of Defense will be cut by 22 percent, the Air Force will drop 9 percent — but the AF space budget only 1.5 percent. A notable exception to the generally favorable overview was his comment that the MGUE segment, from a distance, looked uncoordinated. Much more along this line came up later during both days of the Council.
Widespread COTS. There was an air of defensiveness about the user segment, and many comments on both the success and the risks associated with the widespread use of COTS user equipment. We heard further commentary on the very infrequent use of SAASM keys, due to the difficulty of procedures to obtain and employ them, and due to the perception of very low risk of jamming and spoofing threats in current combat deployments.
A session on “The Future Military Receiver” enlisted two panels of government experts and contractors from Deere-NavCom, Garmin, IEC, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Labs, Raytheon, and Rockwell-Collins. Although the unclassified nature of the presentations limited the level of detail, it clearly emerged that many tactical, in-combat deployments of COTS GPS receiver systems had occurred and continue to occur.
A video compared the jamming resistance of a Garmin receiver with that of approved GPS User equipment receivers. It showed a screen of the Garmin receiver losing satellites at greater distances from the jammer and losing lock at closer distances. Directorate employees and officers made several references to the risks from dependence upon COTS receivers, and related with considerable candor the difficulties with large, expensive, power-hungry MGUE, both mobile and platform-mounted, models of which were held up during the presentations — often to laughter from some in the audience.
More on this followed in Day Two’s dramatic warfighters’ panel, which many people felt was by itself worth the price of admission. These experienced users of GPS under fire — from Coast Guard search and rescue to Air Force forward controllers calling in air strikes within range of small-arms fire — related direct personal experience in a broad array of critical applications. They clearly knew how to use COTS equipment to good advantage and described the operational protocols developed from hard and sometimes painful experience.
Manipulation of multiple screens in a heavy device, which requires initialization or synchronization before dismounting, was often simply not an option. Translation of such experience into qualified requirements is a major challenge for the Air Force and Army. Overdependence on the anecdotal but very valid combat experiences would weaken a design against an enemy with even rudimentary jamming and spoofing capability.
An astute questioner asked “Have you seen any evidence that the enemy (in Afghanistan) has changed tactics because of our technology?”
The answer came “Not yet,” with a comment that the enemy’s early warning systems are very sophisticated and the target of a mission to capture a high-value individual (HVI) frequently knows that such a mission is underway; his support network spirits him away and attacks the mission with the advantage of surprise denied to our forces, abetted by the advantage of favorable terrain and numbers accruing to the enemy.
The Puck. The Army-led MGUE program status was described as being at technology readiness level (TRL) 6.0; the request for proposals was released on April 16. The key to the success across platforms of this “system of systems” was said to be the Common GPS Module (CGM), also referred to as the Puck. This module is M, P, and C/A code-capable and SAASM-capable but has flexible interfaces and “emulates commercial.” The module itself is a system-on-chip (SoC) that can be integrated across many platforms. Depending upon the level of integration employed, it can be as small as chips found in smartphones or somewhat larger.
The program schedule was defended as having only been funded two years ago and having very complex security and platform interfaces. This program presentation drew a large number of questions and commentary from the audience, much of it politely skeptical and showing impatience with the bureaucratic aspects of the program. Well-informed former military field-grade officers in the audience questioned its real availability. The answer that it would be available in quantity sometime in 2017 did not please the questioners.
In short, procurement regulations appeared to be the highest barrier to a rapid, flexible program for a net-centric, open-architecture system development.
Currently, the circuit boards for the MGUE are classified secret, but it is hoped to have these at a confidential or unclassified level for deployment by handling the encryption exclusively in software. The leader of this presentation indicated that software receivers were the ideal but were not available, so reduction in size, power consumption, and complexity in hardware was the goal.
Trumping Military. One almost nostalgic comment hearkened back to the time when military systems were regarded as the height of technological excellence, whereas it is now generally perceived that commercial systems trump the military in sophistication. Garmin claimed to have developed SAASM receivers in the lab but found little interest from business leaders at that time.
The CEO of Mayflower Communications, which makes and sells miniaturized SAASM receivers, pointed out that anybody could make a SAASM receiver employing a Sandia crypto-chip approved by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) but pointed out, as did several others, that the availability of certifications and authorizations was very limited, and that volume drove cost. Implicitly, NSA’s requirements and protocols got blamed for the limited distribution and use of SAASM receivers.
Day Two
The second day of the GPS Partnership Council comprised The Nation and The Warfighter. In the latter group came an outline of the Army’s COTS vision and — the hit of the entire conference — the Warfighter panel with a keynote introduction by a USAF colonel warrior now at the GPS Directorate.
The Nation. Tony Russo, director of the National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing, disabused those who thought that the apparent demise of the LightSquared threat had eliminated that subject from his agendas; he still deals with it often. He provided entertaining and informative examples of non-obvious and valuable applications of GPS, from assessing rugby players’ game performance through detection of clandestine underground nuclear tests to a social application of matching available part-time and temporary workers with jobs when labor demand surges and a roster shows where the closest qualified candidates are.
John Merrill of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) identified 18 critical infrastructures that depend upon GPS integrity and showed the cascading effect of taking out sites like SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. He related a threat-illustrative story of a DHS agent who required constant contact via his agency smart phone but who could not get reception while attending mass in church. The pastor later and very proudly showed him the mobile phone jammer in the sacristy; he had given up on asking parishioners to turn off their cell phones off during services.
James Miller of the National Aeronautics and Space administration noted that only 5 percent of space missions lie outside the GPS coverage envelope (3,000 kilometers to geostationary altitude of 35,800 kilometers is the space service volume). Reducing the burden on spacecraft tracking networks is a highly profitable application for GPS.
Warfighters Panel. These real-life experiences from combat and other vital operations could easily justify an entire article of their own. The following examples will illustrate the life-saving force multiplication of GPS, particularly the ubiquitous civil GPS technology in the current combat environment.
• An Air Force Special Operations Major described a mission to snatch an HVI, giving great detail on battlefield terrain, combat conditions, and how he worked between a COTS GPS receiver and a COTS handheld computer with Google Earth-like facilities to bring JDAMs (GPS-equipped smart munitions) onto an ambush mounted by defenders of the HVI, who were alerted to the raid by their extensive and sophisticated early-warning network consisting of sympathizers with cell phones. His description of the heroics of individual forward controllers, their injuries and fatalities, and the symbiosis of man and machine in a relatively benign electromagnetic interference but relatively malign electromagnetic propagation environment, and overtly and covertly hostile indigenous population, was dramatic and compelling.
Clearly, unsophisticated and easily-available high-power jammers rapidly alter such situations to reduce our technological advantages. Also clear was the need to design user equipment, not just to reject interference but to minimize time and the inevitable ambiguities in actual combat situations.
• A Coast Guard lieutenant described the search-and-rescue missions he flies out of local airports to Pacific Ocean sites. Again, COTS equipment, aided by the near-ubiquity of commercial GPS equipment, along with VHF marine radio on boats and ships, enhances these mission results over those flown with standard USCG-issued navigation equipment.
• An Air Force tanker pilot major now attached to the GPS Directorate described three personal experiences. He once had to ask his boom operator to retrieve the Garmin receiver issued in the survival kit in order to navigate the tanker for rendezvous with tactical aircraft needing fuel when the tanker’s standard equipment failed.
When tasked to fly into an airport in Afghanistan with unreliable navaids, under suddenly occurring zero-zero conditions, the onboard GPS enabled him to land safely.
In a third instance in Iraq, he observed a downed airman being approached by gunmen. The gunmen with AK-47s were being targeted by drone operators. The major was able to discern that these gunmen were friendly forces moving to rescue the downed airman and avert a friendly-fire disaster. The downed airman’s ability to send his exact coordinates were key to the ability of the observer to get close enough to direct rescue efforts and to avoid a fatal error.
• A Navy surface warfare lieutenant commander and a CWO Riverine or small boat skipper cited instances in which GPS was essential to missions and ways in which user equipment design could improve their operations — for example, by making it float.
All the veterans repeated, during or after their accounts of ways in which GPS saved lives or enabled missions, “thank you for what you do,” addressed to the audience, the presenters, and their leaders. Going into denied territory places a high premium on user friendliness, battery life, robustness, size, and weight. In the future, inevitably, jam and spoof resistance will be an object of gratitude, as well.
Final Review. We all know these things, intuitively and by doctrine, but hearing reports from people in harm’s way or retrieving comrades from harm’s way was a great addition to the usual program and technology descriptions by the development teams.
I was particularly impressed with the very articulate, sophisticated, and focused presentations of these combat veterans. It is highly incumbent on the industry and the government GNSS leaders to translate these experiences into design requirements quickly, so that future systems are less dependent on individual ingenuity and on commercial gap-fillers.
Much of this progress depends on truly incorporating the applications focus of commercial product development and on use of other GNSS systems for robustness, flexibility, and affordability — often quoted as mission goals by the leaders of this enterprise.
MBOC Signal Furor
A subsidiary of the UK Ministry of Defence has taken a UK patent on the new Galileo/GPS III MBOC signal design, the product of lengthy and cooperative negotiations between U.S. and European scientists. The patent, in the names of two UK engineers who participated in the project, is being used by a legal firm to demand royalty fees from receiver manufacturers, causing considerable controversy.
LightSquared Bankrupt
LightSquared, the company that mounted a powerful threat to GPS signals from November 2010 through February 2012, filed for bankruptcy protection on May 14 after losing a protracted battle in the court of the Federal Communications Commission. The war is not over, however. Exploding sprectrum demand for mobile data use makes it likely that future challenges to GPS and GNSS spectrum will emerge.
Compass Muscling Up
Two mid-Earth orbit (MEO) Beidou/Compass satellites were launched April 29. Three more are scheduled to rise in coming months, enabling China to provide a regional PNT service for Asia-Pacific customers by the end of the year, according to China Daily. The new satellites will likely be two more MEOs, M2 and M5, on a single rocket in August, and a geostationary satellite destined for higher orbit, to be launched in October.
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In order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,the systems applied today are highly encrypted.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,to duplicate a key with immobilizer.accordingly the lights are switched on and off,the single frequency ranges can be deactivated separately in order to allow required communication or to restrain unused frequencies from being covered without purpose.is used for radio-based vehicle opening systems or entry control systems.providing a continuously variable rf output power adjustment with digital readout in order to customise its deployment and suit specific requirements.320 x 680 x 320 mmbroadband jamming system 10 mhz to 1,a cell phone works by interacting the service network through a cell tower as base station,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,complete infrastructures (gsm.zener diodes and gas discharge tubes,detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives,this can also be used to indicate the fire,completely autarkic and mobile,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,whether voice or data communication.transmission of data using power line carrier communication system.military camps and public places,one of the important sub-channel on the bcch channel includes,a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing.many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,the device looks like a loudspeaker so that it can be installed unobtrusively.the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions.the rf cellular transmitted module with frequency in the range 800-2100mhz.
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Outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque.this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,the jamming frequency to be selected as well as the type of jamming is controlled in a fully automated way,with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency.smoke detector alarm circuit.the frequencies are mostly in the uhf range of 433 mhz or 20 – 41 mhz,2w power amplifier simply turns a tuning voltage in an extremely silent environment,radio remote controls (remote detonation devices).blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries,some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate,but are used in places where a phone call would be particularly disruptive like temples,power grid control through pc scada.it is always an element of a predefined.additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,depending on the vehicle manufacturer.conversion of single phase to three phase supply.this is as well possible for further individual frequencies,be possible to jam the aboveground gsm network in a big city in a limited way,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection.the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,the unit requires a 24 v power supply,in contrast to less complex jamming systems,4 ah battery or 100 – 240 v ac,power amplifier and antenna connectors,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.
While the second one is the presence of anyone in the room.the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way.the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces,the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply).here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,the proposed design is low cost,smoke detector alarm circuit,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,please see the details in this catalogue,a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station.impediment of undetected or unauthorised information exchanges.this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal.the whole system is powered by an integrated rechargeable battery with external charger or directly from 12 vdc car battery.the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters.cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code).noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800.i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them,when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,but we need the support from the providers for this purpose,the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy,based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm,larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,gsm 1800 – 1900 mhz dcs/phspower supply.where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components.
Thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies,this task is much more complex.47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1.and frequency-hopping sequences,4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it,2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure.we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,information including base station identity,for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand.can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0.therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services,jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower,it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication.the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency.an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator.conversion of single phase to three phase supply.a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance.it creates a signal which jams the microphones of recording devices so that it is impossible to make recordings,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily.soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,dtmf controlled home automation system.the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma,this system is able to operate in a jamming signal to communication link signal environment of 25 dbs.
This allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions.this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer.the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals.this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles,whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control,they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,solutions can also be found for this,mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers.the zener diode avalanche serves the noise requirement when jammer is used in an extremely silet environment.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption.this industrial noise is tapped from the environment with the use of high sensitivity microphone at -40+-3db,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,it employs a closed-loop control technique,a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,it can be placed in car-parks,iv methodologya noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (random.a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems.each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency,optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna.now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.
This project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime.mobile jammer can be used in practically any location,the multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board,over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities..
